Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Example

Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Example Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay International Business Government Negotiations with South Korea Germany Instructor Joe Kanelo Alejandro Garza February 8 2013 Introduction Globalization has become a permanent factor in how business takes place in modern times. Cultural differences now affect not only tourists, but also entrepreneurs and academics facing challenges in working internationally. Business negotiations vary depending on a multitude of elements, however in this particular essay I will approach the matter from the perspective of location where they shall take place. For the purpose of investigation, the subjects analyzed are Germany and South Korea apropos creating a good business environment. The aspects under consideration will mostly be cultural, based off of Hofstede’s 5-D dimensions model and other sources. Other cultural elements to consider are punctuality, appreciation of rules, time planning, personality, and communication. Contents International members of business organizations now face the challenge of undermining negotiations abroad. They have to work in close contact in various locations in which culture may be an elusive concept to them as they intrepidly tread new ground. These people have to find ways in which to interact and communicate with people from other countries different from their own. Germany is an important country in international business. Germans have their own onset of behaviors and motivations, which are most fascinating to study. In order to comprehensibly study the German business culture and how to set a proper business environment with them, one must analyze from the point of view of the most deeply rooted German characteristics. If one were to acquire intercultural competence with egards to Germany, a more pleasant working relationship with this fascinating country can be possessed. It is important to note that each individual will respond a certain way to circumstances presented when dealing with this country, however a good understanding of generalized observations and statements regarding Germany can be fruitful in establishing a competent relationship. Because different individuals need to interact, problems may arise when a cting in what is deemed â€Å"normal behavior† in ones own country. : This behavior can lead to irritability and alienation in certain parties due to a lack of understanding of the opposites culture. It is vital to reach a compatibility with the person to avoid misunderstanding and ill wrought feelings. If these people were to continue working in this fashion, an increasingly difficult and conflict ridden situation may arise. (Schroll-Mall, 2008) One of the first considerations to make when dealing business with a country such is Germany is the native tongue or language that is utilized. In Germany, the official language is German (at risk of sounding redundant). Once this has been assimilated, certain etiquette or meeting protocol must be established. Greetings are quite formal in this country, in which a firm handshake can be a form of traditional greeting. It must be dully noted that a handshake should suffice for all people in a living space, including small people and children. It is commonplace to utilize the title of the person when they are being addressed i. e. utilizing â€Å"herr† or â€Å"frau† after the title and one’s first name. Punctuality is of utter most importance when dealing business of this country. It is even expected to arrive on time on house visits. If expecting a delay to an appointment, it is required to telephone beforehand and indicate the difficulty of arriving in timely fashion. A business relationship with a German executive or company could be fouled profusely if a meeting is canceled at the last minute. Punctuality indicates planning and respect, something the Germans uphold. Germans are even pondered as planners; their culture upholds careful planning and thinking which can be followed accordingly. In this same manner, they have a great respect for rules and regulations. Following an established protocol is vital to properly build and maintain negotiations with people of this country. It is important to stress that Germans do not value personal relationships to take part in business transactions. The only interest that they may partake are in academic titles and credentials, to gather a notion of level and how relative it is to their own. This being said, formality is expected when in negotiations and it is preferable to enter directly into the subject matter at hand and not delve too deeply into matters of small talk. Before closing a deal, a German executive or businessman will try to comprehend every minute detail and innuendo before closing an agreement. According to Geerte Hofstede’s exploration of Germany through his 5-D model, Germany can be analyzed from various dimensions or perspectives: Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity/Femeninity, Uncertainty avoidance and Long term orientation. This country is among the lower power distant countries, as a direct and participative communication meeting style is commonplace, where leadership is challenged to show expertise and knowledge. In terms of individualism, Germany ranks high upon the ratings. There is a strong belief in the ideal of self-actualization. (Hofstede, 2012) Germany is a highly masculine country, as certain elements such as status, decisiveness and assertiveness and performance. In terms of uncertainty avoidance, the country is strong among this factor as there is a preference in deductive thinking. One can assimilate this from the law system and previous schools of thought by the likes of Immanuel Kant. This, in combination with low power distance provokes a high backbone in expertise. In the last dimension presented by Hofstede, Germany is a short term orientation culture: they have high appraisal for tradition, strong social pressure and a small propensity towards acquiring savings. Which brings me to the next subject at hand: South Korea. It is imperative to safeguard some sort of knowledge with the very steep ancestry that follows this country. It is important to comprehend as well that it is situated to the east, bordering with North Korea and is approximate in location to such Asian countries as China and Japan. I think it important to grasp a small amount of background on this country: I must note that Buddhism was replaced by Confucianism somewhere along the way that pretty much is solely responsible for how etiquette is fashioned in this country. This political and social ideology called for precise etiquette that mandated the use of respect language, universal bow, and personal behavior specifically tailored to rank. This form also thinking also brought upon the foundations of South Korean society like segregating the living quarters denoted by gender, a hierarchy-based etiquette that became firmly embedded in Korea’s culture. (De Mente, 2008) Also notable is the language used in South Korea, which is named after the country, in which more than 65,000,000 people speak this native tongue. A South Korean concept called â€Å"Kibun† which can be closely translated into pride, face, and mood feelings is a primary factor in building interpersonal relationships with people from this country. â€Å"Kibun† is a permanent element in Korean every day life, so one must tread carefully when judging some one else’s Kibun. Harmony is of utmost importance in this culture, so it is vital to be able to grasp some other people’s kibun and not hurt the opposite. When dealing with negotiations between collaborators in the same company, power rankings play a big importance and kibuns can be diminished if subordinates or managers do not take proper precautions. Greeting etiquette must be followed when doing negotiations in this country, which may be considered strict in South Korea. The person of lower status must bow to the other of higher status; with the senior commencing handshake. Quite juxtaposed to German culture, South Koreans have a preference to initiate business with people with whom they have a personal connection, so it is rather fundamental to be introduced by a third party. In order to create an interpersonal relationship, South Koreans commence informal social gatherings that involve beverages and cuisine so that more knowledge can be gained from the separate parties. Due to this importance on relationships, contracts are not taken too seriously and are viewed loosely as documents that define agreement; hence flexibility on the contract is a given. On the subject of punctuality, appointments or meetings are required with prior advance; on which you should arrive on time so that respect is demonstrated. It is expected to meet each other and gather knowledge of each party in the first meeting, as this lays a foundation. A curious factor that is of brief mention in Germany, however are given importance in South Korean culture, are business cards. Business cards are symbolic as to how will treat the person, so when received it is important to treat it with respect: A close examination of the card is expected. In accordance to Geert Hofstede’s 5-D dimensions model, we can see that Korea is a hierarchical society, with a high degree of collectivism. This brings upon the matter that loyalty is a major factor in relationships in this country, and society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility of the other members of the group. (Hofstede, 2012) South Korea is a feminine culture, where working is the focus to live. However, it is also one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries in the world, and long term oriented. This demonstrates how the culture of South Koreans affects business treaties. Conclusion In conclusion, these two countries demonstrate how difficulties may arise when doing negotiations and business transactions. Cultures vary greatly without caring for distance, so it is imperative to garner some sort of understanding before trying to do business internationally. Germany and South Korea prove to be fascinating subjects for analysis, where negotiations are not necessarily difficult to establish if the proper preparation is acquired. Bibliography Conway, W. (2006). Kiss, bow, or shake hands. (2nd ed. ). Adams Media. De Mente, B. L. (2008). Ettiquete guide to korea: Know the rules that make the difference. Singapore:Tuttle Publishing. De Mente, B. L. (2004). Korean business etiquette: The cultural values and attitudes that make up the korean business personality. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. Hofstede, G. (2012). The hofstede center. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede. com/south-korea. html Hofstede, G. (2012). The hofstede center. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede. com/germany. html Schroll-Machl, S. (2008). Doing business with germans. Munchen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.

How to Trace Your Family Tree in US Land Deeds

How to Trace Your Family Tree in US Land Deeds Most Americans owned at least some land prior to the twentieth century, making individual land records a treasure trove for genealogists. Deeds, legal records for transferring land or property from one individual to another, are the most prevalent and widely used of the U.S. land records, and can provide a fairly reliable method of tracking ancestors when no other record can be found. Deeds are relatively easy to locate and often provide a wealth of information on the family members, social status, occupation, and neighbors of the named individuals. Early land deeds are especially detailed and predate most other record sources, increasing the importance of land records the further back a researcher goes.   Why Land Deeds?Land records are an especially powerful genealogical resource, especially when used in conjunction with other records, for breaching brick walls or in building a case where no one record provides a record of relationship. Deeds are an important genealogical resource because: U.S. land deeds often involve more people than other genealogical sources - providing a potential source for information on family members, neighbors, and even friends. Land deeds help to locate a person in a particular area at a particular time. Deed books at the county courthouse are only copies of the original land deeds, so land records are especially useful in areas where a courthouse fire has destroyed most of the records prior to a certain date. Because property was valuable, most people would bring their original deeds back to the courthouse following a fire or other catastrophe so that they could be re-recorded.Deeds can be used to distinguish two men with identical names by locating one or both on a particular piece of property.Deeds that transfer property by will or estate may name all children and their spouses.Deeds, in conjunction with tax lists, can often help to reconstruct an entire neighborhood - making it easier to find potential migration patterns Deed versus GrantWhen researching land deeds it is important to understand the difference between a grant or patent, and a deed. A grant is the first transfer of a piece of property from some government entity into the hands of an individual, so if your ancestor acquired land by grant or patent then he was the original private land owner. A deed, however, is the transfer of property from one individual to another, and covers pretty much all land transactions following the original grant of land. Types of DeedsDeed books, records of property transfers for a particular county, are usually under the jurisdiction of the Registrar of Deeds and can be found at the local county courthouse. In the New England states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Vermont, land deeds are kept by the town clerks. In Alaska, deeds are registered at the district level and, in Louisiana, deed records are kept by the parish. Deed books contain records of a variety of land sales and transfers: Deed of SaleDeed of GiftStrawman SaleLease ReleaseMortgage SaleEstate Settlement Next How to Locate Land Deeds Land transfers between individuals, also known as deeds, are typically recorded in deed books. The original deed was retained by the land owner, but a full copy of the deed was recorded by the clerk in the deed book for the locality. Deed books are kept at the county level for most U.S. states, though in some areas they may be kept at the city or town level. If youre researching in Alaska, then the county-equivalent is known as a district, and in Louisiana, as a parish. The first step in searching for land deeds and deed indexes is to learn about the locality where your ancestors lived. Begin by asking yourself the following questions: Do land records exist for your area and time period of interest?What county had jurisdiction at the time period (the present-day county where the land is located may not have always had jurisdiction due to changing county boundaries)? Are deed records still in county custody or have they been moved to some other location?What is the county seat and what is the name of the deed office (Register of Deeds is the most common name used for the office)? Once you have determined where to search for land deeds, the next step is to search the deed indexes. This can be a bit more difficult than it sounds because different localities may have their deeds indexed in different formats and many deed indexes have not been computerized. Searching the IndexMost U.S. counties have a grantor index, otherwise known as a sellor index, of their land deeds. Most also have a grantee, or buyer, index. In cases where their is no grantee index, you must read wade through all of the entries in the seller index to locate the buyers. Depending upon the locality, a number of different seller and buyer indexes may be in use. The easiest ones to use are alphabetized lists which cover, in order of recording, all deeds recorded within a particular county. A variation on this type of deed index is a list indexed by first initial of the surnames within a selected period of time (about fifty years or more). All A surnames are grouped unalphabetized in the page order in which they are found, followed by all B surnames, and so on. Sometimes surnames which are very common in the area will be grouped by themselves. Other indexes commonly found used to index deeds includ Paul Company Indexes, the Burr Record Index, the Campbell Index, the Rus sell Index, and the Cott Index. From Deed Index to DeedMost deed indexes provide a substantial amount of information including the date of the deed transaction, the names of the grantor and grantee, plus the book and page number where the deed entry can be found in the deed books. Once you have located the deeds in the index, it is a relatively simple task to find the deeds themselves. You can either visit or write to the Register of Deeds yourself or browse the microfilm copies of the deed books at a library, archives, or through your local Family History Center. Next Deciphering the Deeds Although the legal language and old handwriting styles found in old deeds may seem a bit intimidating, deeds are actually organized into predictable parts. The exact format of the deed will vary from locale to locale, but the overall structure remains the same. The following elements are found in most deeds: This IndentureThis is the most common opening for a deed and will frequently be found written in larger letters than the rest of the deed. Some earlier deeds dont use this language, but instead will start with words such as To all to whom these presents shall come greeting... ...made and entered into this fifteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy five.This is the date of the actual deed transaction, not necessarily the date it was proved in court, or recorded by the clerk. The date of the deed will often be found written out, and may appear here at the beginning of the deed, or later near the end. ...between Cherry and Judah Cherry his wife...of the one part, and Jesse Haile of the county and state aforesaidThis is the section of the deed that names the parties involved (the grantor and grantee). Sometimes this section includes details which added to make it clear which William Crisp or Tom Jones was meant. Additionally, this section may also indicate relationships between the involved parties. Specifically, watch for details on place of residence, occupation, seniority, name of spouse, position relating to the deed (executor, guardian, etc.), and statements of relationship. ...for and in consideration of the sum of ninety dollars to them in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledgedThe term consideration is usually used for the section of the deed which acknowledges payment. The sum of money which changed hands is not always specified. If it is not, be careful not to assume that it indicates a deed of gift between family members or friends. Some people just liked to keep their financial matters private. This section of the deed is usually found immediately after the names of the parties to the deed, though sometimes it may be found mentioned between the parties. ...a certain tract or parcel of land situate lying and being in the State and County aforesaid containing by estimation one hundred acres more or less butted and bounded as follows Beginning in a Cashy Swamp at the mouth of a Branch then up said branch...The statement of property should include the acreage and the political jurisdiction (the county, and possibly the township). In public-land states it is given by the rectangular survey coordinates and in subdivisions it is given by lot and block number. In state-land states, the description (such as in the example above) includes a description of the property lines, including waterways, trees, and adjoining land owners. This is known as a metes and bounds survey and usually starts with the word Beginning written in extra large letters. ...to have and to hold the above said bargained premises to him the said Jesse Haile his heirs and assigns foreverThis is typical beginning for the final section of the deed. It is usually full of legal terms and generally covers items such as possible encumberances or restrictions on the land (back taxes, outstanding mortgages, joint owners, etc.). This section will also list any restrictions on use of the land, payment terms for mortages if it is a deed of mortgage, etc. ...whereof we have set our hands and fixed our seals this fifteenth day of February in the year of our Lord God one thousand seven hundred and seventy five. Signed Sealed and delivered in presence of us...If the deed wasnt dated at the beginning, then you will find the date here at the end. This is also the section for signatures and witnesses. It is important to understand that the signatures found in the deed books are not true signatures, they are just copies made by the clerk as he recorded from the original deed.

Employment contract law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment contract law - Coursework Example In the Agreement of Services signed by Mr. Tanton, particularly, Clause 3.3, negates the existence of an employer-employee relationship due to the existence of the provision to the effect that â€Å"In the event that the he is unable or unwilling to perform the services personally as required under such agreement, he shall arrange at his own expense entirely for another suitable person to perform the services. In addition, paragraph 13 of the schedule, stated that: â€Å"In the event that the contractor provides a relief driver, the contractor must satisfy the company that such a relief driver is trained and is suitable to undertake the services†. Therefore, the element of control on the part of the employer on the employee was not present since Mr. Tanton can easily find his own replacement or substitute, who shall take his place to render the service in the event that he is unable to perform his personal obligation to the employer. Hence, the fact that Mr. Tanton has the po wer to send his substitute means that the contract of employment does not exist, making him self-employed contractor. 5. Express and Echo Publications Ltd. is only required to retain one driver to perform the functions of pick-up newspapers and deliver them at various points in Devon on a fixed run in a particular order dictated by the company. In the case at bar, the reason for the termination of Mr. Tanton was due to redundancy. Hence, another person has already been performing the same functions done by Mr. Tanton which justified his dismissal from his position as a contractor. 6. The sources of English Law are case law or common law, and legislation or statutory laws. In the case at bar, several cases where cited which served as precedent to justify the decision rendered by the justices, where, â€Å"a statement of law made by a judge in a case can become binding on later judges and can in this way become the law for everyone to follow, or otherwise known as the â€Å"Doctrine of Precedent†

Human Resource Learning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resource Learning and Development - Essay Example But with time, it was seen that many international managers were facing problems in dealing with the employees, there was high turnover, low job satisfaction and the result was that many international managers were returning to their home country. What the company lacked was the fact that it needed to train its cross cultural managers so that it can manage the hotel in the way it wanted. Thus, a training session was organized, which would tell these managers how to deal with cross cultural customers in a country which is foreign for them as well. This training was done for those international managers who plan to make their careers in any of the three Middle East countries i.e. Saudi Arabia, U.A.E and Egypt. Prior to the workshop, the managers were asked interviewed as to their knowledge of the Middle East countries. The result was that they knew very little about these countries, their working style or their cultures, even though they were well aware of what their job demands of the m. Moreover, the survey was also done which reinforced this point. (Lucas, 1994) Before discussing the specificities of the training program that the international managers will go through, it is necessary to discuss the theories of training that have been presented so that this case can be fit into these theories and it can be said that the literature which has been written on the subject of training is being thoroughly considered before starting a training session of its own. The content theories of training stresses on the vitality of such training which makes the trainee learn things based on the experience of the previous learners and the context in which they have worked. Obviously the context in which various trainees are trained is entirely different. Therefore, the context of the previous learners will not be taken into consideration. Only their knowledge and the experience that they share by the type of training they went through will be important and it will be applied to the new context of the new trainees. (Blake, 2003) The learner will be facilitated in a way which will help him relate the new knowledge being given by the knowledge that is already in his mind and then to have the process of unchanging by processing the old knowledge to become new knowledge and to be stored as such in the memory. There will even be material that the trainee can use even after the training is over and therefore, this will reinforce the learning habits which were taught in the training session and will stay with the trainee for a long time. (Keeps, 2002) The cognitive system that is studied under the content theories of training emphasizes on three factors which should be taken into consideration when a trainee is being trained. Firstly, the individual should be equipped with long term memory about a certain subject that is, he should be able to have a perfect understanding in the long term for a particular subject, in our case, it is slicing films and dealing with films in the projection room. Secondly, the processing skills of each

United States vs Mexico Essay Example for Free

United States vs Mexico Essay The United States of America and Mexico compare and contrast their differences when it comes to education, homeless rates, and their overall standard of living. The U. S and Mexico compare when it comes to homeless rates seeing as the numbers are increasing each year. As for education, Mexico lacks standard education, where as the United States has a higher standard for education. The overall standard of living in both countries is probably the biggest difference the two countries have. Mexico has many prosperous areas to it, but for the most part people who live in Mexico, live poor and on the streets. Children in Mexico usually have to get street jobs in order to help their families with poverty. The United States has its own level of poverty and economic issues, but Mexico has a much higher poverty rate and their money is worth less than the U. S dollar, making it hard to earn money from American tourists. These two standards of living are completely different from each other seeing as they both have different problems. Mexico and the United States share the same issues and values, but on different levels of greatness. The education in Mexico is very different from the education in the United States. They use different grade level systems and different national budgets for education. Both of these countries have successful educational programs, and have high standards. The grade level system Mexico uses is six grades in primary schools. Kindergarten is for the 5-6 year old age level. Then they begin first grade at 6-7 years old and sixth grade, which is the end of primary school, is for the 11-12 year olds. Then the Mexican students begin secondary school. Secondary school has three grades. First grade starts at age 12-13 and third grade is for 14-15 years old. Then they begin high school. This is called the beginning of middle higher education. High school, like secondary, has three grades. First grade is for 15-16 year olds and third grade, which is the end of high school, is for 17-18 years old. Finally the Universities take over. A bachelor’s degree takes four to five years to achieve, after that it takes two to three additional years to achieve a masters. The United States has a different education system than Mexico. Elementary school is from kindergarten to fifth grade, ages 5 to 10. Then it goes to middle school or junior high school which is grades sixth through eighth and ages 11 to 13. After that is high school which are grades ninth through twelfth which is ages 14 to 17 or 18. It is illegal in the United States not to go to school, but some immigrants do not have enough money to go to school. Most kids in Mexico do not go to school because of the money or because they need to work instead to help their family. America and Mexico have different laws and systems as far as the education systems go. There are over one million children in America who are not getting an education because they have no money and are also homeless. As many as 3. million Americans are homeless each year, one million being children. Most homeless people are families who have been thrust into series of unfortunate events that left them with no money. For those living in poverty or close to the poverty line, an everyday life issue that may be manageable for individuals with a higher income can be the final factor in placing them on the street. America can compare with Mexico because most people who are homeless in Mexico are families. Although Mexico has a lot of homeless families on the street, it has more homeless street kids. Six percent of children on the streets in Mexico are ages five to fourteen and about five percent of Mexicans are living on only $1 a day. There is a lot more people living in severe poverty in Mexico then there is in America, but it is easier for Mexicans to find cheap shelter, keeping them off the street. If they can figure out a way to make a few pesos, theyre free to do so. Some end up selling gum and bobble-headed toy turtles to tourists. Others hawk homemade tamales on local buses, with little fear of being turned in for a Food Safe violation. You see a lot more people on the streets of the U. S then the streets in Mexico, but people in Mexico are more vulnerable to poverty than people in the America. The United States in the past century has knocked down old apartments and turned them into million dollar condos, have knocked down shacks and banned beach camping, leaving people with just enough money to find food for their families on the streets. America has made it extremely hard to live with no money by over developing and knocking down the little shacks and old apartments when people do not have enough money to pay for the new higher end things. This has lead to many citizens turning to the streets or our parks for a home. There also is no way for them to make cheap money except for begging for it on the streets. Most people on the street do not even have money to buy crafts so they can make crafty nick-knacks to sell to the richer for profit. This makes the standard of living in America hard for people on the streets and for people who are very close to losing everything. Mexico has other options for homeless people which make it a little more sustainable to get by. Mexico still has abandoned sheds and shacks for people to live in and those people are able to sell the things they make to tourists. If you were to visit Mexico you may find little to no people on the streets because there are other more suitable places for these people. There are parts of Mexico that are developed and keep up with the industrialized world it is in, but there are also places that have not been touched by the modern world and stay untouched making it easier for more people to live. Mexico’s standard of living is easier in some cases and harder in others. Even though people find abandoned shacks to live, it is still extremely hard to survive in harsh living conditions. Mexico and the Unites States of America compare and contrast many issues and values. From what is explained above, most people struggle when it comes to money, education, and living standards. Some people go from having a house one day to sleeping on the streets with their families the next. Some kids have to work to help their families and some kids get the opportunity to get an education. Mexico and America both have education systems but with different grade levels and ages, they both have homeless citizens, but some conditions are worse than others, and they both have living standards that can be clean and dirty. Overall, Mexico and America both have equal comparisons to contrasts.

SNCC :: essays research papers

SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, was created on the campus of Shaw University in Raleigh in April 1960. SNCC was created after a group of black college students from North Carolina A&T University refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina where they had been denied service. This sparked a wave of other sit-ins in college towns across the South. SNCC coordinated these sit-ins across the nation, supported their leaders, and publicized their activities. SNCC sought to affirm the philosophical or religious ideal of nonviolence as the foundation of their purpose. In the violently changing political climate of the 60’s, SNCC struggled to define its purpose as it fought white oppression. Out of SNCC came some of today's black leaders, such as former Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry, Congressman John Lewis and NAACP chairman Julian Bond. Together with hundreds of other students, they left a lasting impact on American h istory. John Lewis was an influential SNCC leader and is recognized by most as one of the important leaders of the civil rights movement as a whole. In 1961, Lewis joined SNCC in the Freedom Rides. Riders traveled the South challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals. In 1963, when Chuck McDew stepped down as SNCC chairman, Lewis was quickly elected to take over. Lewis' experience at that point was already widely respected--he had been arrested 24 times as a result of his activism. In 1963, Lewis helped plan and took part in the March on Washington. At the age of 23, he was a keynote speaker at the historic event. He stepped down from his position in 1966. Stokeley Carmichael, a fellow Freedom Rider, was elected chairman of SNCC and soon after raised the cry of "black power." Some were alarmed by the concept of black power and many were critical of Carmichael's new approach. In the summer of 1964, SNCC organized the Mississippi Summer Project, which was an urgent call to action for students in Mississippi to challenge and overcome the white racism of their state. The Mississippi Summer Project had three goals: registering voters, operating Freedom Schools, and organizing the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) precincts. SNCC organized Freedom Days where they gathered black people together to collectively try to register to vote and Freedom Schools where they taught children, many of who couldn't yet read or write, to stand up and demand their freedom.

Benefits of computing gross profit on sales in contrast to contribution margin Essay

The computation of gross profit on sales, which can be derived under the absorption costing approach, is a profitability measure normally conducted under financial analysis.   This accounting ratio outlines the gross profit generated from every $100 of sales.   Such measure is highly useful in financial analysis, because it provides indications on the profitability potential and cost efficiency of the company.  Ã‚   For instance, if there was an increase in sales of 10%, but the gross profit margin declined by 4%. This indicates that the cost efficiency of the organization deteriorated during the period.   Such analysis cannot be conducted under the contribution margin approach, because gross profit is not present.   However, under the contribution margin approach one can calculate the contribution to sales ratio which indicates the contribution determined from every $100 of sales.   This would also provide indications on the control of variable costs once compared over time. Difference in Net Income arising from different approaches. In the example of ABC Company the profit under the two methods is the same.   However, this is not always the case.   Profits under the two methods differ whenever there is movement in inventory.   This is due to the fact that since under the absorption costing technique fixed manufacturing costs are included in the cost of goods sold, a proportion of fixed costs will be included in inventory leading to such a difference. Contribution margin approach not allowable for external reporting. The contribution margin approach, despite being highly useful to provide valuable information for decision making, is not acceptable for external reporting.   This is due to the fact that it does not comply with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). For example, under the GAAP the income statement layout should clearly outline the gross profit made by the company.   Under the contribution margin method this is not highlighted.   Another important reason why the absorption approach is allowable for external reporting and not the contribution approach is due to the way in which the income statement is classified. The GAAP state that the income statement is classified by function, like under the absorption method.   In the contribution approach it is classified by cost behavior.   Indeed separation between fixed and variable costs is made under such method. This conflicts with another requirement of the GAAP. Reference: Drury C. (1996). Management and Cost Accounting. Fourth Edition. New York: International Thomson Business Press.   

Outline the concepts of just war and pacifism Essay

Outline the key concepts of Just War and Pacifism. A01 [21] The Just war theory maintains that war may be justified if fought only in certain circumstances, and only if certain restrictions are applied to the way in which war is fought. The theory that was first propounded by St Augustine of Hippo and St Ambrose of Milan ( 4th and 5th centuries AD) attempts to clarify two fundamental questions: ‘when is it right to fight?’ and ‘How should war be fought?’. Whereas Pacifists are people mainly Christians who reject the use of violence and the deliberate killing of civilians but claims that peace is intrinsically good and ought to be upheld either as a duty and that war can never be justifiable. However, Realists agree that, due to the nature of humans, force is a necessary action to be used to maintain a just and ordered society. Therefore, since the Second World War, people have turned their attention to Just War again establishing rules that can serve as guidelines to a just war- the Hague and Geneva conventions. Many Christians had taken the view that war may be justifiable under certain circumstances, and only if fought observing certain rules of conduct. Wars against the Muslim control of Jerusalem in the 11th-13th centuries were sometimes seen as holy wars which were popularly regarded as Crusades. Some philosophers based their justifications on the stories in the Bible. For example, St Paul in Romans 13:4 wrote that rulers are servants of God ‘†¦for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil’. In the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas gave an outline (the first three criteria of a just war) on the Justification of war and the kinds of acts that are allowed in a war in Summa Theologica. His ideas became the model of later scholars such as Franciso Suarez and Francisco de Vitoria. The first three conditions necessary for a just war were listed by Aquinas which included right authority, just cause and just intention. These and the three additional conditions that were later included, were referred to as ‘Jus ad Bellum’-rules about when it is right and just to go to war. Aquinas asserted that just authority meant that war could only be started by legitimate authority: ‘the authority of the sovereign by whose command the war is to be waged’. He wrote that sovereign authority which has been elected legitimately has the sole authority to declare war. This meant that, there can be no private armies of individuals who can start a war and, equally, an incompetent government or sovereign does not have the authority  to initiate war. Just cause, is considered to be one of the most important conditions of jus ad bellum. Aquinas once stated that, ‘†¦those who are attacked, should be attacked because they deserve it on account of some fault’. It was considered that self defence against physical aggression was the only sufficient reason for just cause. Finally, Aquinas wrote that the war fought with just intention, was to be for ‘the advancement of good, or the avoidance of evil’. Kant once said that sovereigns could not fight wars for immoral intentions only for good motives. During a state of conflict, right intention should mean for peace and reconciliation. Therefore, soldiers cannot use or encourage a hatred of a minority in war. Their intentions must always be virtuous. In the 16th and 17th century, Suarez and de Vitoria added three additional conditions: proportionality in the conduct of war, only entering war as a last resort, and only fighting when there is a reasonable chance of success. Hence when dealing with proportionality, a state should never wage war that causes relatively more suffering and destruction than the actual wrong done by the enemy. Therefore, in any case, excessive violence, death and damage should be avoided. For example, it was not proportionate for the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan that were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. Additionally, all peaceful attempts at resolution must have been exhausted before violence is used. War cannot be chosen as a first response but as the last resort. Also, there should a reasonable chance of success during a war. It’s immoral to enter into a hopeless war, thus magnifying the suffering and loss for no constructive reason. There have always been rules of conduct in war, although such rules have often been ignored. In Christian tradition, there are conditions of conduct that limit the degree of destruction and who may or should not be killed. These conditions were referred to as Jus in Bello- rules governing how war should be fought. The principles include: only legitimate targets should be attacked, proportionality and that, agents of war should be responsible for their actions. An act of war aimed indiscriminately using chemical/biological weapons at the entire cities or of extensive areas along with their populations, is not only a crime against God but one against humanity and should be condemned. Also, it is unfair and unjust of attack non-combatants (civilians, or innocents) because it is against their right  and therefore they cannot be justly attacked. However, the Just war theory comes under criticism from those who advocate pacifism. They maintain that war is always wrong. Pacifism is described to be the opposition of all forms of violence as a means of settling disputes, either between individuals or between countries. The Christian argument for pacifism is based on Jesus’ teaching in the Sermon on the Mount where he rejected the option to use physical force even in defence of himself against unjust aggressors. An example includes the incident at Gethsemane where Jesus ordered Peter to drop his sword and not to resist the authorities (Matthew 26:52). Mennonites and Quakers are two groups that emphasise pacifism. Members of this group conscientiously object to violence and have been often persecuted as a result. They believe that Just war theory ignores the essential pacifist stance taken by Jesus. An absolute pacifist claims that it is never right to take part in war, even in self-defence. They believe that peace is intrinsically good and should be upheld whether as a duty or on that it is better for humans to live at peace than war. They think that the value of human life is so high that nothing can justify killing a person deliberately. These pacifists claim that they would prefer to die rather than raise their fists to protect themselves. This is because; killing in self-defence is ‘an evil that makes the moral value of the victim’s life less important than our own’. They rely on the fact that there can be no justification for killing which stems from the scriptures of the bible ‘thou shalt not kill’ (Exodus 20:13). Absolute pacifists usually hold this view as a basic moral or spiritual principle, without regard to the results of war or violence, however they could logically argue that violence always leads to worse results than non-violence in other words, there can never be any good that comes out of war or violence. On the other hand, Conditional Pacifists offer a more flexible approach which allows the use of violence under certain circumstances. Pacifism is a word defined by Martin Caedel to describe those who prefer peaceful conditions to war but accept that some wars may be necessary if they advance the cause of peace. Conditional pacifists usually base their moral code on Utilitarian principles – it’s the bad consequences that make it wrong to resort to war or violence. These pacifists accept that sometimes our duties to uphold peace and non-violence may conflict with the duty to save or defend lives against aggression.  Utilitarian pacifists claim that wars generally do not produce favourable results but in certain circumstances, they can be acceptable. Such examples may include wars to protect people from genocide. To conclude, the Just war theory accepts that human nature is evil and most often use force to maintain a just and ordered society. Therefore, past philosophers and the present generation have offered moral guidelines that serve as justifications for the act of war. Whereas, pacifism which firstly originated from Christians believe that war and the act of violence is intrinsically evil and that peace should be the resolution of all conflicts in the society. Comment on the views that a pacifist can never accept the principles of Just war A02 [9] Pacifism can never accept the principles of Just war due to their firm belief that, all violence or force should be forbidden. Additionally, some pacifists would argue that the advantages of the just war theory does outweigh the disadvantages simply on the ground that there is no morality towards violence and that there is no place for ethics in war. Firstly, the criteria for a just war is considered to be unrealistic and pointless because, once the combatants have gone into battle the results of the war are unpredictable and such soldiers are unlikely to adhere to any conditions of a just war making the moral guidelines irrelevant. Pacifists argue that the results of war will always be bad since there can never be any positive outcome in war because; it leaves more damage on peoples’ lives. For example, the holocaust that occurred during the Second World War left more harm on the victims rather than the justice the so-called Nazis were supposed to achieve. A pacifist would argue that it will be inhumane to the point of cruelty to suggest such an incident like the Holocaust was just to serve for the greater good. Therefore a pacifist would argue that war is a waste of resources given by God, a cause of immense suffering, including suffering of innocent people and they believe that war encourages greed, hatred and prejudice. Secondly, Pacifists believe that life has an absolute value. They argue that the indiscriminate mass destruction brought about by the use of nuclear and biological weapons violates the sacredness of human life. It is though that the social and moral damage caused by war is too great, and that it should be abandoned. They maintain that non-violence and non-resistance will change the minds of, or disarm those who use violence. Hence, Pacifists encourage non-violence  resistance will goes against the principles of a just war. However, the deontological objection to a just war is favoured by absolute pacifists. Similar to Reihnold Neibuhr’s (1932) claim; it is inevitable that humans are prone to violence or the act of violence simply because , human nature is evil(imperfect). This means that most Pacifists are most likely to have a consequential approach towards the matter. Jeff McMahan once pointed out that Pacifism is difficult to maintain as it places extraordinary limitations on individual rights and self-defence which, in an era of weapons of mass destruction and the practice of genocide, may ultimately appear unacceptable. For this reason, Pacifists may claim that wars generally do not produce more favourable results, in specific examples. They can be acceptable. Additionally, most Pacifists accept that if someone is threatened by a dangerous person then the use of violence can be permitted since it would be considered to be self-defence. Therefore, due to the inconsistencies evident in Pacifism, most Christians still accept that the use of violence can be justified in the society. To conclude, Pacifists do believe that the weaknesses of a just war theory does outweighs its strengths simply because, it lacks purpose and morality. However , others do have different views; which means that they actually accept the principles of the just war theory.

Free Essays on Financial Statement Lease Disclosure

SUBJECT: Disclosure of Lease in Wheeling Ironworks’ Financial Statements As a shareholder of Wheeling Ironworks I am concerned about the disclosure of the non-cancelable warehouse lease that was signed at the end of 2001 to provide storage for excess inventory. In order for the financial statements to fulfill their purpose as the principal means of communicating accounting information they must disclose information such as this lease. The signing of such a lease is important in determining the approximate the value of the company because of the future expenses that will be incurred as a result of the lease and because the reason the lease was signed gives valuable information about the amount of inventory the company holds. The non-cancelable ten year lease is a material change and it is important that the shareholders are aware of it. In order to appropriately disclose this information the lease should be disclosed in a footnote to the 2001 financial statements detailing both the term and cost of the lease. In 2002 and the following years the rent expense should be recorded as usual and a similar footnote should be included. The lease will not be reflected on the December 31, 2001 balance sheet because no expense has been incurred at that point in time. The balance sheet accounts that will be affected by the lease are cash and prepaid rent. These accounts will reflect the lease on January 1, 2002 when the rent for the year will be paid. However, by disclosing the lease in the footnotes, decision makers are provided with important information about planned expenditures as well as the company’s increasing need for inventory storage. The lease of the warehouse for $10,000 a year for the next ten years is important because it is a significant set of future expenditures which could influence the company’s future success. Also, the fact that the warehouse was needed to store excess inventory gives shareholders usef... Free Essays on Financial Statement Lease Disclosure Free Essays on Financial Statement Lease Disclosure SUBJECT: Disclosure of Lease in Wheeling Ironworks’ Financial Statements As a shareholder of Wheeling Ironworks I am concerned about the disclosure of the non-cancelable warehouse lease that was signed at the end of 2001 to provide storage for excess inventory. In order for the financial statements to fulfill their purpose as the principal means of communicating accounting information they must disclose information such as this lease. The signing of such a lease is important in determining the approximate the value of the company because of the future expenses that will be incurred as a result of the lease and because the reason the lease was signed gives valuable information about the amount of inventory the company holds. The non-cancelable ten year lease is a material change and it is important that the shareholders are aware of it. In order to appropriately disclose this information the lease should be disclosed in a footnote to the 2001 financial statements detailing both the term and cost of the lease. In 2002 and the following years the rent expense should be recorded as usual and a similar footnote should be included. The lease will not be reflected on the December 31, 2001 balance sheet because no expense has been incurred at that point in time. The balance sheet accounts that will be affected by the lease are cash and prepaid rent. These accounts will reflect the lease on January 1, 2002 when the rent for the year will be paid. However, by disclosing the lease in the footnotes, decision makers are provided with important information about planned expenditures as well as the company’s increasing need for inventory storage. The lease of the warehouse for $10,000 a year for the next ten years is important because it is a significant set of future expenditures which could influence the company’s future success. Also, the fact that the warehouse was needed to store excess inventory gives shareholders usef...

June 6 SAT Takers Heres How You Can Retest for Free

June 6 SAT Takers Here's How You Can Retest for Free SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board is going to allow students who were affected by the mistake on the June 6, 2015 administration of the SAT to re-take the test for free in October. Read on for more information and to see what your options are. A Bit of Background: What Happened on June 6th? June 6 was the final SAT testing date for the 2014-2015 school year, and hundreds of thousand of students across the country registered to take the test. On test day, many were surprised to see that instead of the standard 20 minutes allowed for Section 8 or Section 9, their test booklets instructed they should be allowed 25 minutes. The proctors' instructions, however, still stated the time allowance should be 20 minutes. Therefore,some students got the correct amount of time on both sections, others were given 25% extra time, and still more were given something in between,which overall created a very confusing situation for everyone involved. Of the hundreds of thousands registered, almost all students were affected, apart from those taking the SAT with accommodations. (International test takers were not affected.) For a full breakdown of what happened, see our article here. The Aftermath and the Demand for a Retest After the test, students were very concerned about what would happen with their test results. They were worried that their scores would be invalidated,because the test was no longer standardized compared to other administrations of the SAT.Many worried that colleges would not accept their scores as equal to those from other testing dates. In the days following the exam, the College Boardgave a lot of conflicting information to different people.It told some thatthere would be a retest,but told others thatthe affected section of the exam would be thrown out. Two days later, they finally released an offical statement, in which they announced that they would proceed with scoring the exams,with the TWO affected sections removed.They claimed that they would be able to do this and still provide"reliable scores." Understandably, many students were angered by this response - it was obvious that this was decided on because it is theeasiest and cheapest way for the College Board to "fix" the situation, as opposed to the best way for students. It became clear that though the scores could be called "reliable," they would not necessarily be "accurate," especially for certain students. Students began to worry about how the test scores would affect admissions and qualifications for scholarships. Students began demanding anoptional retest for anyone who had been affected by the College Board's error.One student from Long Island has filed a lawsuit against the College Board, saying that scores of a test missing nearly 30% of its content cannot be considered valid. She has demanded unspecified monetary damanges and a re-test for anyone who wanted it. Another student started a change.org petition that quickly attracted over 1,000 supporters demanding another chance to take the test for free. The College Board Listened and Is Now Offering a Retest Late on June 15th, the College Board responded to unhappy students with an offer for a free retest - but maybe not in the way that they were expecting: â€Å"We remain confident in the reliability of scores from the June 6 administration of the SAT and don't want to cause undue anxiety for students by making them believe they need to sit for the test again. However, we have waived the fee for the October SAT administration for students who let us know that their testing experience was negatively affected by the printing error and we will continue to do so, through the September 3 registration deadline for the October administration.† You can see the full text here. Instead of offering students affected by the June 6th test their own makeup date, the College Board is giving free registration for the October test.This is going to mean that the retest will be too late for many students who need it, and it's only a useful offer for those students who were not relying on getting scores this summer. However, it's questionable how much the College Board really wants students to take advantage of the offer, even if they do have the time to get their scores later! For several days this past week, the informational banner with updated informationwas missing from the College Board web site, which meant that students who wanted more information about the retake would have beenunable to find it unless they had the link already.The College Board has now replaced the banner, but many were frustrated by what seemed to be a deliberate attempt to keep the information quiet. Additionally, on the June 6th FAQ page, the information for a retest is at the bottom, and is not emphasized. Many people would not know to look for the updated information. Fortunately for students (and unfortunately for the College Board), their mistake has received enough national attention that the retest is beingpublicized through various outlets, even though the College Board itself is trying to keep it quiet! I Called the College Board -Here Is How to Get the Retest Once again, there is a lot of misinformation going around abouthow to actually get registered for the retest.This is mostly because the College Board employees seem to know very little about it themselves. I called the College Board to nail down the information so that you don't have to. The first attempt... The first time I called them, the customer service rep I spoke to had no idea what I was talking about when I asked the process to be signed up for the retest. She insisted several times that there was not going to be a retest for students - this went on for about ten minutes. Finally, I verbally directed her to the appropriate section on their own web site and read it aloud to her. I was then put on hold for several minutes. Another rep picked up. I asked her what the proper procedure was to register for the retest. She told me (in quite an annoyed fashion) that Idid not need to take the retest. She said that theCollege Board was only dropping ONE section of the test, and that the scores would not be affected because they always drop one section as an "experimental section." As you know if you are at all familiar the SAT, there IS always an experimental section, but it is always one of the middle sections of the test - a 25 minute section. I said this to the rep and asked how it would be possible to swap in the experimental section for one of the final sections. Not only are they different lengths, but the whole point of the experimental section is to test out future questions and some of them may not be appropriate. She told me that the experimental section is always randomly selected out of all the sections, which is not true. I also asked how the other section would be accounted for, and was told thatthey are only going to drop one section. Both of these statements are in direct contrast to what has been said to other people who have called, and what has been said by the College Boarditself on its web site. This goes to show how unreliable the information is that they are giving out. If you call and ask for specific information, and it does not seem right to you, make sure to ask to speak to another person. Though we were 20 minutes in and I knew at this point that the conversation was going nowhere, I persevered and asked what I could do to sign up for the retest. I was told that I could wait to see my grades at the end of this month, and if I'm still unhappy to call back by the end of the month to register. The College Board has since updated its statement to specify that they will be accepting registrations through September 3rd for the October 4th test. Nevertheless, if you do want to take this retest, I recommend signing up sooner rather than later - see below for why. The second attempt... I called back a couple days later and had a totally different experience. As soon as I said that I wanted to register for the free re-take, the customer service rep agreed quickly and opened my account. I went though the security questions, she asked for my preferred test center, and waived the fee. In less than 4 minutes, I was signed up for the retest for free. The Takeaway In conclusion, here is how to sign up: The free retest hasnotautomatically been applied to your account. If you register for the test and pay, it will probably be more difficult to get your money back, so just call and register over the phone.Usually there is a fee for registering over the phone, but they are not charging this for June 6th testers. Call the College Board Customer Service line at 1-866-756-7346. Give yourself time to make this phone call. As you can see from my experiences above, how your conversation will go completely depends on which customer service rep you talk to. If the rep tries to give you a hard time about registering, ask to speak to another rep or a supervisor.Stay calm and say that you were affected by the College Board's mistake on the June 6th test, and you would like to take them up on the offer that is posted on the web site. If they still give you trouble, stay polite but firm: "This is not what the College Board is publicly offering. I was promised a free retest and I am calling to register for this. If the process remains difficult, I will contact press members to let them know that the College Board is not honoring its promise." You do not have to take the test at the same center where you took the June 6th SAT.This is great news for people like me who signed up for the June SAT late and had to travel quite far to take it. Usually when the College Board offers a retest it does have to be at the same center, so this is a big bonus. You will have to do all the things you normally do at registration time - including confirming your name, birth date, and high school. If you don't have any trouble with the rep, the whole process should take about 5 minutes. Afterwards, you will receive aconfirmation email and will be able to sign into your account to print out your admissions ticket. Can I See My Scores First? Yes, you can!The scores from the test you took on June 6th will be available around June 25th. You are welcome to look at your scores and decide if you want to take the test again. The College Board has done this intentionally, because they are hoping that many people will be satisfied with their scores and will decide to not take the test again.Remember, for each person who does decide to do the retest, they are losing out on potential registration money. Even if you sign up for the retest now, your scores will still be delivered on time. Remember, however, that these scoreswill not include sections 8 and 9, and youwill not have the option to see what your score would have been with those sections.So it will be difficult todetermine if you have beenpositively or negatively affected by the shorter test. Since they have now officially said that free registration will be available through September 3, you can feel comfortable waiting to sign up if you want to. But it might be a better idea to not wait.Since the College Board is not offering a separate test date for the retest,there will be many more people than usual signing up for the October test.Therefore, there is a very good chance that testing centers will fill up quite quickly. If you register now, you can always cancel later if you want to, and you do not have to risk potential disappointment at not getting a seat. Should I Take the Retest? For most students, signing up for the retest is a good idea if it's at all possible for your schedule. If you get your scores back and think that you were negatively affected, this is the best way to fix it - for free. And if it turns out that you did better than you were expecting to do, you can always cancel your registration. You will not lose out on any money from the registration costs because it's free. If this was your last chance to take the SAT for one deadline or another, then the retest will not really affect you. Though some schools are taking the "wait and see" approach for this test, it is very likely that most willhonor the results, especially for seniors or those who took the June 6th test on a tight deadline. If you feel that you have been significantly disadvantaged by the College Board's error, and cannot take the retest, it might be a good idea to keep an eye on the lawsuit mentioned above to see how it progresses. If they win, you may be entitled to some compensation. Last Words... If you do decide to retake the test, you should use the experience you have had with this test to help guide your studying. Set aside time this summer for dedicated prep so that you can smash it this fall. What’s Next? Worried that taking the SAT again this fall will be one time too many? Read our guide on how many times you should take the SAT. To prep for the re-test this fall, read our 11 top, must-read guides to prepare yourself for the next test. Learn our expert strategies to improve your SAT Math, SAT Writing, and SAT Reading scores to help push your scores above 600s in any section. Wanta top score on the re-take? Read our guide to getting a perfect SAT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Taxation - Essay Example is leaves the income tax and capital gains taxes as the two most important taxes to any household in UK, with huge implications on the consumption and investment patterns in the country. However, the taxation policy in the country does not observe neutrality in that it may discourage deferment of consumption and investment by taxing savings and returns on investments more into the future than now. The income tax is paid per any tax unit that is beyond the personal tax free allowance. The tax is charged from diverse types of savings and is charged at a basic rate of 25% or a higher rate of about 40% (OECD 2007, 13). On the other hand, capital tax operates much similar to the income tax above; there lacks a clear distinction between income and capital gains tax in UK. Any investor with a capital gain of  £5800 or below per annum is exempted from this tax. However, any income above this level is taxed based on the gains at marginal rate of the income tax. In U.K, today, any transaction on savings is treated differently under the taxation policy; the mode of taxing any savings is a vital feature of the UK tax base and leads to an understanding of the comprehensive income tax. In most cases, the comprehensive income tax refers to a case where the income from savings, the labour tax and any other elements that make up the tax base are taxed equally. On the other hand, in expenditure tax, the returns from taxes are not taxed until the individual uses the savings for consumption, at which the tax is known as an expenditure tax or consumption tax (Mirrlees, 283). The major difference between the two taxes is in the treatment of savings. Taxation of savings has an impact on the investment and consumption choices of individuals and companies in UK today. According to Mirrlees report, several effects were identified resulting from the taxation of savings. One, there is an attempt to design a carefully leveled taxation system that seeks to equalize the tax burden of the

PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign Dissertation

PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign - Dissertation Example Companies have now begun to realize the sheer scope and outreach of social media and the Internet in general as a highly effective communication platform. Thus using the various social media platforms to launch their social media campaigns has become integral for them since it enables the organizations to leverage their marketing practices in the most cost-effective way possible. The effective use of social media to market the products or services could prove to be highly profitable resulting in the delivery of measurable business results. However, if not executed effectively, it may lead to disastrous results. Starbucks is a case in point. This report â€Å"PR Advertising or Social Media Campaign† aims to discuss the recently launched and highly controversial social media campaign – Race Together, launched by Starbucks. The Starbucks’ â€Å"Race Together† Campaign: Critical Analysis Starbucks, the Seattle based multinational coffee giant launched one of its most ambitious social media campaigns, â€Å"Race Together† in association with USA Today, on March 18, 2015. The key aim of this campaign was to get its customers and the world around them, talking about a highly sensitive issue in American history – Race. The company took out full-page newspaper advertisements and encouraged open discussions about race on open forums (USA Today, 2015).